James Smallcombe: Okay, and I will hand over to Samuel and so please take it away.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And everyone
James Smallcombe: Well,
James Smallcombe: First of all, I would like to. Thanks.
Samuel A. Giuliani: James for organizing the seminar and giving me the opportunity to to give the store. And today, actually, I would like to show you
Samuel A. Giuliani: Some of the work that I've been doing them issue in the last years and that were minifigures in the calculation of nucleus structure properties of tagging super heavy elements and application of directors of these results for the process Nicholas's disease.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So on. This is the outline of my talk, which are divided in three main parts and during the first one and we'll discuss. They're all on official
Samuel A. Giuliani: In the production of translate nuclear during that process nuclear synthesis
Samuel A. Giuliani: While the second part will be devoted to another method that developer them is your for the calculation official from in distribution and that we hope to apply very soon for their process new policy analysis.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Finally, in the last part of my dog if I have time, I would like to show you some of the calculations that we have been doing by combining energy density functional with my yes and machine learning techniques.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Whoever before entering in the details of the calculations, I would like to make up rather brief but generally introductions about their process and be sure that actually we are all on the same ground.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So I would like to start with the with this graphic that barely is known to many of you, which showed the cosmic origin of the elements that we found in the solar system.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So as you can see, if we exclude the lighter elements, let's say, going from hydrogen to borrow, which are producing data during the Big Bang. A nuclear synthesis or through this violation of
Samuel A. Giuliani: Cosmic rays or on heavy nuclear all the rest of elements that produce it in some stellar environments through nuclear processes like for instance nuclear fusion is stellar interiors, which produces elements of to up to iron
Samuel A. Giuliani: So during the store can actually focus on the heaviest part of this periodic table in the so called air process elements which are depicted here in in orange.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Whoever I would really like to make a disclaimer that is the following, contrary to what is very
Samuel A. Giuliani: Nice graphic suggest whether neutron star mergers are the main site responsible for the production of their process elements is still an open question and debate, one in the community.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Actually, I'm not going to address these during this talk, because the answer to, to the origin of their business elements require more interdisciplinary efforts which involves
Samuel A. Giuliani: Galactic chemical evolution studies and astronomical observation and of course nuclear physics and probably I'm not the most
Samuel A. Giuliani: Adequate Batson for for answering it whoever I would like you all to keep in the back of your mind that all the efforts that the community is doing is the order to try to answer whether really neutron star mergers of the main site hosting the reduction of our purposes elements.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So let's start the four by
Samuel A. Giuliani: Looking a little bit more in detail what their processes. So, as we have seen that before their processes in both in order to explain the existence of laughably all of the elements. So the narrow that we found our words so that system.
Samuel A. Giuliani: De novo synthesis process of cursing us the physical scenarios where the Times case for the neutron cultures are much shorter than then the time scales for the VTT case.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Actually, this allows the nuclear the present in the environment to captured savage and neutrons before beta decay moving the material.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Far from stability and closer to the nutrient rich side of the chart.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Now of these conditions here of of short neutron capture timescales can on your core in the presence of high nutrient Fluxus which actually so 3D telling us that there
Samuel A. Giuliani: Are services side hosting their process must be a transcend object, like for instance neutron star marriages or it was believed before God collapses supernova.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So I'm wanting important characteristic of their processes that
Samuel A. Giuliani: Is related with the appearance of the noodle shop closure and this is because
Samuel A. Giuliani: When they are process path reach our new to ensure closure, they're dropping the needle and separation energy, which of course above the New Rochelle closures produce a decrease in the neutron capture of cross section of several orders of magnitude.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Is actually means that the probability of copies of capturing a neutron become much smaller and the for the material is allow to suffer muti will be the case. This actually bring the all
Samuel A. Giuliani: The overall process path closer to stability where lifetimes that longer and the for producing an accumulation of material.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And this accumulation of material is actually what is observed as as through the characteristic pig structures that we see for their purposes abundances
Samuel A. Giuliani: I see depicted here in this platform to get saga and collaborators showing this order process of balances as a function of the atomic mass down
Samuel A. Giuliani: So you can see here the first, second, and third peak, which are related with the existence of the neutron search so closure equal to 5080 to 126
Samuel A. Giuliani: So as we can understand then in order to model the purposes of balances that are two main ingredients that are required.
Samuel A. Giuliani: The first one is the knowledge of just the physical side, we actually says that the thermodynamic condition which they are causes operates.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And of course, the second ingredient is the nuclear physics which shapes the abundance distribution to what we nowadays gubser
Samuel A. Giuliani: This talk is devoted to the nuclear physics side, whoever wants you to keep in mind that both aspects that are extremely intrinsically related. And what I mean by this is that, um,
Samuel A. Giuliani: Of course, the nuclear physics is is universal. In general, but actually, wow, which nuclear aspects are relevant for their purposes, new procedure. This is strongly the band industry physical size at which they're process over rates.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So as we're seeing in order to to monitor their process Nicholas in this is we need the knowledge of actually thousands of
Samuel A. Giuliani: Of nuclear which sites in there which seats in the new delivery side of the new birth chart and for which we need to know gravity search nuclear masses beta decay rates. You don't capture rates and so on and so forth.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Sorry.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Of course, for most of these nuclear available experimental data is
Samuel A. Giuliani: Very limited or non existent, and therefore we have to rely on theoretical predictions and therefore, another question that there is in this concert in this context is what is the impact of such uncertainties in their process abundances
Samuel A. Giuliani: As an example here. I want to show you a word from Shanley Deacon and collaborators from from Ms un in a car where they study the variation of the neutron capture rates.
Samuel A. Giuliani: When our level densities and gamma rays, a string functions are very good. So therefore theoretical uncertainties as a function of the new drone and they brought on number. So as you can see, close to stability is these
Samuel A. Giuliani: Stellar reactions rates vary by something that is around the fact of that can be five or less. But as we approach the nutrient rich read on this variation can be larger than to order of magnitudes.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Now, if we try to propagate these uncertainties in there, but his circulation, what we get, actually, is the light green band here which showed the variations wolf. Or sorry, the abundance is obtaining when you don't catch them rates are very by
Samuel A. Giuliani: two orders of magnitude. And you can see actually that the structure of their process is somehow washout
Samuel A. Giuliani: Weather here, I have to point out the duplicate position of nuclear uncertainties, a very difficult task. This is because, in principle, we would like to keep
Samuel A. Giuliani: The nuclear correlations that are ignorant to to to nuclear physics why propagating these uncertainties. However, this
Samuel A. Giuliani: Is extremely difficult because nowadays is limited by the amount of available models that one can use for the simulations, which is not so much. Therefore,
Samuel A. Giuliani: Sometimes people employ these kind of Monte Carlo variations which will have a non keep correlations in the in the in discrimination studies and therefore
Samuel A. Giuliani: They kind of uncertainties can be a little bit overestimated. But actually there's been a strong F 14 the latest years by several different groups around the world in order
Samuel A. Giuliani: To improve the sensitivity studies and try to understand a little bit better. What is the impact for their for their process.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So we're then going to do during this talk is to focus on another aspect that actually is the impact of efficient rates when and years. So let's say visual properties in the production of the of the heaviest nuclear during that process new policy analysis.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Um, let's therefore go back to our attorneys description of their process and see actually why fish on can be important for the process.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So if we look again at this picture. One question that we could ask ourselves is actually how far can their process proceed.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And actually the answer to this question is given by the number of fingers that see nuclear can capture that is the so called nutrients to the
Samuel A. Giuliani: Neutron to see the ratio. Now, if we are in environments like the dynamical ejecta
Samuel A. Giuliani: Produced by neutron star mergers where these nutrients to see the ratio is of the order of several hundred or even thousands
Samuel A. Giuliani: Actually what we can have is that we start from a bunch of material in nuclear statistical equilibrium which is place. Let's say around
Samuel A. Giuliani: Land here which can capture sorry I on here, which can capture several
Samuel A. Giuliani: Nutrients. So if you have multiple beta, the case crossing there for the whole nuclear chart and reach the region where fish on dominates.
Samuel A. Giuliani: At this point, their process bath terminates and development populate the lower part of the nuclear chart.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Eventually if the number of free neutron sees high enough, this fragment can capture the the neutrons and therefore becomes a nuclear and their process steps again giving rise to the so called efficient side.
Samuel A. Giuliani: We are what's actually this very schematic picture is telling us is that for large neutron to see the ratio efficient is actually unavoidable.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Which in other terms means that if we want to understand the impact of fish on for their bosses Nicholas indices, we should be able to answer three main questions which actually our
Samuel A. Giuliani: Web aspirational curve, how much material accumulates in deficient in region and what are deficient years of those. Okay. And this is the kind of answer that I will try to answer during this, during this talk.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So I'm of course the fact that vision is important. This is a well known problem. And there have been several studies in there, particularly in the, in the last few years.
Samuel A. Giuliani: For instance, these blocks here by my recycling and collaborators show their process abundances as a function of mass number that are obtained and when you use two different sets official from and distribution. As you can see the impact, particularly around the second big is quite large.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And this is just one example of many that I just partially least here that you can find in the literature.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Now I'm studying the book The efficient is particularly problematic for one reason that these the actually the available data sets are quite limited.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And also in many case I'm calculation or obtain it through highly phenomenal logical models or, you know, just parameter ization was we which extrapolation farflung stability may be a little bit questionable the for the long term that we started that
Samuel A. Giuliani: And certainly in dance that enter to develop them issue is to compute a consistent set of fishing properties that are obtained from their energy density functional calculation.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So just to give you a schematic idea of what is the how we try to proceed in order to
Samuel A. Giuliani: To, to make this calculation is we compute efficient properties and bending energies, using energy density functional
Samuel A. Giuliani: Will then convert these nuclear input into reaction rate using their also flashback statistical theory and then we black this great into network calculated into network calculation simulating the their bosses and proceed disease.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So let me then tell you how we compute how we perform our calculation for deficient properties. So, as you know, efficient is a demigod process where the nucleus evolve with time from a compact configuration to versa to fragment solution.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Now in order to compute the probability of such an event or core. What we do is we make
Samuel A. Giuliani: One main simplification and assuming that we can describe this process using a reduced set of collective body of work.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So within this approximation are the probability efficient is determined by two main ingredients that the potential energy surface and the collective intelligence.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So the financial end user is actually described, they will lose one of the energy from the ground state, all the way down to the she's some point in the multi dimensional space given by the collected degrees of freedom, which usually or something like
Samuel A. Giuliani: The quadruple moment which describes the stretching of the new clothes or other multiple moments which describe different different nations.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Whenever I'm in the last year, thanks to the increasing computational power is we'll explore
Samuel A. Giuliani: Our different kind of of non traditional degrees of freedom. Now we understand a little bit better. For instance, what is the role of pitting correlation as a degree of freedom.
Samuel A. Giuliani: The second ingredient that collective analysis, we just described the resistance of this nucleus against the formations.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And this is out from the computational point of view, these are more complicated quantity to obtain
Samuel A. Giuliani: And we have to rely on different approximation, but whoever right nowadays within things are a little bit more under control. The latest year
Samuel A. Giuliani: Anyway, once we're able to compute the potential injury surface and the collective inertialess, we can then obtain the probability of fish and just by computing the probability of tunneling under deficient barrier.
Samuel A. Giuliani: We can actually distinguish which is given that say by the by the semi classical who can be farmers.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So we distinguish between spontaneous fish on which of course from the ground state and excited sufficient just according from excited states like they want described by using you speech embedded a fish or
Samuel A. Giuliani: So the only thing that actually we really need at this point is a nuclear model which is able
Samuel A. Giuliani: To to give us both the value of the energy of the different information points and they collect signatures.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And you know what case what the US is the traditional artifact vocal about formulas with constraining operator.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Just as a brief reminder of of the HIV format is actually the ground state wave function, which has given us a quasi particle vacuum is obtained by minimizing damage.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Then, in order to construct our ultimate our multi dimensional space with just impose our constraining operators which are given by logins multipliers and which
Samuel A. Giuliani: Which expectation by is given by the information that we're looking at. Then we have an effect the nuclear nuclear interaction which is given by the energy density functional and
Samuel A. Giuliani: In this during this talk, I will present mostly the results given by updated with the so called vcpm energy density functional and some scaremongering interaction between the market.
Samuel A. Giuliani: You can find actual actually a plethora of functionality that that mean test and use for different our new globe Sarah was
Samuel A. Giuliani: So at this point, after these quite long introduction. Let me show you some first calculations that we obtain so the lower peninsula. This plot. So the calculation of
Samuel A. Giuliani: Some fish on properties updated with the BCP an energy density function and they compare a song with two other mothers, namely HF B 14 and FR n plus Thomas family which have been traditionally you in that process calculation.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So the different the different columns, what they're showing on there and fish on buddy at height.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And the first column on the left column, sorry, the central economy show the so called the energy window for the beta delay fish on which is the difference between the fish on barrier and the to be the value
Samuel A. Giuliani: While they're right column show the energy window for the Newtonian use facial which is actually the difference between the fish on barrier and the nutrient separation energies.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So these are quite represented the quantities, because they indicate the stability of each individual nucleus as a function of the different
Samuel A. Giuliani: Fish on the case for the stance efficient by right of course does tell us what is the stability against the spontaneous fishing decay. Why the energy window for the new to induce Fish on. Tell us what is the stability of each nucleus against the this
Samuel A. Giuliani: This this feature on the game. So as you can see, if we just focus on the efficient, but it height.
Samuel A. Giuliani: You can see that all the models, the predictions from all the models are quite something like this, for instance.
Samuel A. Giuliani: They are predict an announcement of the fish on barrier around the neutral shaped closure 184 and actually they all also predict some kind of
Samuel A. Giuliani: Banana shaped region of banishing fish on barriers. However, we also see that there are some from a
Samuel A. Giuliani: Quantitative. Quantitative point of view, there are some striking difference, for instance, at the neutron show closure 184 one can see that they feel that the difference between the then the different models can be as high as three meds for the fish on budget height.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And actually this defense become even larger. When we look at the defense them energy window for the new during us Fisher now unimportant region to focus on is given by this red line, which represent a nuclear with a
Samuel A. Giuliani: Separation. You don't see potential energy to meds, which is usually a good proxy for the location of their process path.
Samuel A. Giuliani: As you can see all the models predict that after the nutritional closure when at for their process path and three knowledge on a very low official values which actually may may data mine. Then, how far can their process proceed in the most nutrient rich
Conditions.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So now in order to properly understand what is the impact of these variation for their purposes abundances we have to convert the same put into
Samuel A. Giuliani: Interaction rates, as I said before you send us a flashback statistical model and then apply them to our network calculations. So in order to do that, what we're going to do is to study.
Samuel A. Giuliani: The results of dating the dynamic reject of neutron star mergers, which was obtained from three dimensional artistic simulation of an interest, our marriages have
Samuel A. Giuliani: A binary neutron star marriages have one point 35 solar masses. So, um, which was this the activity because
Samuel A. Giuliani: It is known to a gag some extremely nutrient rich and material with the nutrient to see the ratios that is above 700 and actually can inject a quite large amount of material. Of course I'm
Samuel A. Giuliani: Sorry, then the simulation of these three activities, a whole field itself. Well, actually.
Samuel A. Giuliani: There are a lot of probing question like, for instance, that all of us neutrinos that they mentally may change the newsroom richness of the material, but in general the dynamical it yet. It's believed to be the most, one of the most
Samuel A. Giuliani: nutrient rich conditions that one combined
Samuel A. Giuliani: So I'm, what I'm showing you now, actually, these are the results that we obtain it. When we compare the different models.
Samuel A. Giuliani: On the left hand side we see the abundance is predicted by these three different models at the time of one gig, a year when we expect that actually all the material that we see is practically stable.
Samuel A. Giuliani: While on director inside. What you can see their process abundances as a function of the neutron proton number predicted by the three different models at the time of the neutron freezer.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Then you don't resolve is actually the time when the neutron to see the ratio is equal to one and therefore analogy we expect them at their process path to don't move forward.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And then what it is. So if we look here at abundances
Samuel A. Giuliani: What you can see is that there are some striking difference obtaining with a, with the three models, but you rarely hear around the above the second peak, as we have seen also before in the work of Eichler which is due to the efficient in
Samuel A. Giuliani: Do today, efficient, France, the different fish on France and the larger amount officiating material that is accumulated in the HIV 14 and vcpm model.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Which actually you can see in this right hand side of the block, just by looking at their and the color code around the noodle number 184 actually what is happening is that
Samuel A. Giuliani: These two models predict larger fish on barriers compared to affect the employers that are sphere me model and these allows more material to accumulate
Samuel A. Giuliani: Around the literature crocheted when it before actually in the case of HP 14 deficient barriers are so large that so material can even pass through and reach the region off. So, but having your play. And then eventually fish on due to the presence of the vanishing fish on barriers.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And other different sexual is related that you can see here on the left on the abundance pattern is given by the displacement of these or sorry,
Samuel A. Giuliani: Of the of the third peak, which actually is also another well known effect given by the capture of late neutrons emitted by the sufficiently nucleus which actually are captured by these elements here and therefore movie that other bands is the word how how your mass numbers.
Samuel A. Giuliani: I'm finally another
Samuel A. Giuliani: Interesting results has been actually all the models predict very similar balances of without him and thought him isotopes.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And actually we interpret these results as they find that all the material which is placed above the proton number eight, the form that is the material that that that the nucleus that we change in our calculation as fission and therefore the results in a very robust
Samuel A. Giuliani: Enough very robust final abundance of these of these isotopes.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So, as a general conclusion. Actually, we see that the largest difference obtain it for their purses abundances are related with the properties of nuclear day neutral number one at for sure closure.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And actually this is
Samuel A. Giuliani: It's also important.
Samuel A. Giuliani: For the relationship or for the possible impact that it may have for the killer lacquer.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So let me just briefly tell you what is the impact of the or or what is the killer Norma so as, as you may know, actually, we call it, you know, adjust their electromagnetic transcend produce it by the decay of these air process material.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So I'm the important thing of the killer Norway's that is actually data mine or let's say contains direct information about the actor composition
Samuel A. Giuliani: This is because actually they rejected it mines, the total amount of the active energy that this meeting and also the efficiency at which these these energy thermal eyes.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Also as probably your know a big game changer in the study of their process as being detection.
Samuel A. Giuliani: By several telescope place around the world of the Villanova light curve reduce it by a neutron star merger GW 1708 17 which actually provide the first direct information that they knew, don't start mergers astrophysical site hosting their process.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So, one important characteristic, therefore, is that have the skill or knowledge that it contains information about the actor composition and we can actually measure it. Now this it becomes even more important.
Samuel A. Giuliani: If we think that actually at late times the heating is dominated by very few in your play.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Which actually three get the question whether they kill know a lacquer may contain some detectable Philippines that tell us about particular composition of the actor
Samuel A. Giuliani: Actually Watson and collaborators found in the analysis from the key on our last call. They found the presence of sponsoring
Samuel A. Giuliani: Which has been so far the only element. The only individual and that that was possible to, to, to distinguish from the keynote lacquer. However, there has been a big effort in the community in
Samuel A. Giuliani: For the with the idea of possible future detection of studying Dakin Oh no my life curve and the, sorry, the impact of new capabilities for the kingdom of a lighter in order to see whether our future observation mirror with the presence of Father Okay.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So I'm actually there are being several studies right now and
Samuel A. Giuliani: They of course is not completely is very difficult to assess what is the sensitivity of the keen on our last call to the nuclear input. Whoever it seems
Samuel A. Giuliani: That there is a quite common agreement that some relevant nuclear may have a larger impact on the on the shape of the key on our life and these nuclear actually are the 254 Californian which case through spontaneous feature. And then they are three meters, rather than black human
Samuel A. Giuliani: So what I'm showing this blog actually is the effective meeting rate that we obtain and in in our calculations and they compile a song with the other models.
Samuel A. Giuliani: As a function of time. As you can see, actually they impact the difference between the different models is quite striking. But delay for HF B 14. This is because
Samuel A. Giuliani: The larger barriers predicted by these models predict an accumulation of 254 California which then produces this visible bump.
Samuel A. Giuliani: In the heating rate. On the other hand, vcpm assaults are relatively high fish on barriers, whoever the progenitors of California to 54
Samuel A. Giuliani: And these are five meters are destroyed by the late in neutron
Samuel A. Giuliani: Late neutrons emitted by deficient from it's in our kind of self sustain mechanism is similar to the one that we found in the in nuclear reactors. On the other hand, if and the n plus plus, Thomas enemy read it.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Very low fish on barriers and therefore there is no press and soft to 54 California because the progenitors of DESTROY YOU TO BE THE DELAY Fisher.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Before the message that I would like to bring with this result is that
Samuel A. Giuliani: The connection between nuclear physics and observable slide deck, you know, alive or is non trivial and he strongly depends in actually, what are the predictions obtaining that are extremely
Samuel A. Giuliani: Extremely far from stability. However, we are now in the situation where a mental possible new observation of the cinema course made me inform us about the properties of these very Newton Richmond.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So,
Samuel A. Giuliani: Okay, I see that actually James I think have another 10 minutes. Is that correct,
James Smallcombe: You can go a little bit over, but I think covering both your next topics might be a bit of a stretch.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Yeah okay so
Samuel A. Giuliani: Okay, so
James Smallcombe: But you are welcome to go over, over the time, but I wouldn't go for much longer.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Okay, so it's in principle, is it over.
James Smallcombe: No, you say, feel free to go a little bit over time.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Okay. Okay, thanks. Actually just yeah I just would like to
Samuel A. Giuliani: To show you some reason calculation of the
Samuel A. Giuliani: Of deficient from in distribution, because actually something that emerged from our studies and for and that actually has been well know from from from from long time is that efficient from a distribution Allah
Samuel A. Giuliani: has a huge impact in the shaping of their process abundances and they and then
Samuel A. Giuliani: And also actually mentally the keynote elector same principle, we would like to have a framework which allow us to compute the official from and consistent with their
Samuel A. Giuliani: With them with the rest of the nuclear input. Let's say our official bodies, but also masses beta decay rates and so on and so forth.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And actually this is given by their stochastic landsman dynamics, which actually what they do is to mimic the revolution of the nucleus from the other standing line to decision point
Samuel A. Giuliani: And actually, this is just simply done by computing the temporary evolution of the collective dynamics and the momentum conjugate by using the collective inertia.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And it wouldn't change the surface that we have seen before and introducing a friction terms which mimics the dissipation during fish on and on and on force, given the stochastic Carter.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So we start the way to do it and America is very simple. We start from a point in the elder tuning line and we just studied the evolution through decision line.
Samuel A. Giuliani: We then repeat this calculation for different points and then we started actually, what are the results of the needle on all the other children line and then we wait this calculation, just using the value of the given by their
Samuel A. Giuliani: Collective actually
Samuel A. Giuliani: And actually we apply this calculation. So, this method has been developed are some years ago showing your very nice agreement with experimental results and
Samuel A. Giuliani: We applied this method to are the 294 organism which is the various elements illustrating producing laboratory, just to test what were the predictions for for instability, where mothers with a lot fitter
Samuel A. Giuliani: And what we found is displayed here. You show me actually the mass and they chose the distribution for different functions and also studying different
Samuel A. Giuliani: Collective collective variables with larger and smaller space. And what we found in general is that there is a very
Samuel A. Giuliani: We get very strong results very robust results in term of function as and by using different collective variables and that all these models. The these nuclear to the K through a very
Samuel A. Giuliani: Exotic Decatur is the class that missions, where they're heavier a fragment is centered around lead to eight while they're like they're from. And he's just given by kryptonite physics.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And actually we think that this is another hint that the super heavy region may have some new physics that could be worth to be explored.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Who were deploying is that these are very expensive calculation and therefore we cannot apply to the
Samuel A. Giuliani: To the whole region. And therefore, in order to complemented with just develop another method for computing them.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Deficient from and distribution which is based on the idea that the fragments are already localize are the other two an important and therefore the nucleus can be described it as to fish on preferment which are held by
Samuel A. Giuliani: A neck of of noodles with an construct that mega canonical probability. My just distributing this neck neutrons.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Among all the possible fragments, where the probabilities given by the residual energies which is as a function of the difference between the ground state energies and the binding energies of the final fragments
Samuel A. Giuliani: And these are the results that we obtain and for spontaneous efficient and you don't induce vision. As you can see, the agreement with experimental data for the defense system is
Samuel A. Giuliani: Quite good particularly also the the calculation are quite robbers for different functions. And we are able to reproduce
Samuel A. Giuliani: Different was transition from a symmetric to semantic fish, you feed your own infinite isotopes. Of course, there are some discrepancies, for instance.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Are they a narrow where we have given by Newton elaboration and also they are audience targeting charge fears that we are now working on in order to to
Samuel A. Giuliani: Improve their mother and eventually then apply it to the whole and you'll get landscape so I will skip them on the last topic of the of the stork and just come to
Samuel A. Giuliani: To my conclusions are. I hope I can means to that, actually, sir. Very exciting time for for studying them for performing it poses studies and also the observation of the economic ladder.
Samuel A. Giuliani: push us in Iowa, where we can confront our calculation with them with direct observations and eventually that energy density functional commune extremely valuable tool.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Because my combining them with different other methods allow us to perform on consistent calculation of new their properties that are important and relevant for Policy Studies. So we found our calculation, we found that their process that
Samuel A. Giuliani: That their process in new them which condition is extremely sensitive to the properties. The visual properties found that an equal
Samuel A. Giuliani: Shut closure, which is telling us actually probably more and better input data is required in order to properly understand what is the sensitivity that is back to this.
Samuel A. Giuliani: To this region of the new black chart.
Samuel A. Giuliani: At the same time, I just briefly show you some results obtain it for the efficient years based on the energy density function or which we hope we would be able to apply very school to the surprises calculation and I'm
Samuel A. Giuliani: At the end of time, but the, yeah. The last point would be to try to improve our uncertainty estimation of the new blood input in order to have a better understanding of the general impact of the
Samuel A. Giuliani: Nuclear nuclear errors on the calculation.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Yeah, often in the future world, we will be able to implement the systematic calculation of deficient from and distribution also extend our studies to more energy density functions and eventually propagate. There are
Samuel A. Giuliani: Errors of 10 it's through by using machine learning techniques in their sentences and we actually this last slide that we just like to thank all my collaborators who who work in media in these years. And of course you all for your attention. Thank you.
James Smallcombe: Thank you very much for that talk. And thank you for making the effort to stick to time. I'm sorry if you felt
Samuel A. Giuliani: I apologize for it. Yeah.
Samuel A. Giuliani: I just
James Smallcombe: Well, well, if there aren't many questions for you. We can sneak back in and look at that topic, but we'll, we'll now we'll take questions. So as I said at the start.
James Smallcombe: Please do go into that participants menu and use the raise hand button or go down into the chat box and type your type your question there and I'll do my best to read it out.
James Smallcombe: I see digital clapping, which I like, see people enjoying the talk. I don't see any raised hands just yet.
James Smallcombe: Oh, there we go. There's one mark. Would you like to go ahead and unmute yourself.
Mark-Christoph Spieker: Sure, good morning from Florida and good to see you, Sam.
Mark-Christoph Spieker: Good to see you, happy that you made it back to Europe.
Mark-Christoph Spieker: So I have actually nucleus structure motivated questions.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And actually, to
Mark-Christoph Spieker: So you mentioned the importance of the n equals 184 Newton Chicago
Samuel A. Giuliani: Mm hmm.
Mark-Christoph Spieker: How sure are we that data is actually a shell gap that child structures theory still prevails up there and that the effects which you see from it. I actually true effects and not just model effects.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Well, that is a very good question. So let me see in this way.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Whether we are sure that is not a model effect that
Samuel A. Giuliani: Nobody actually can guarantee, right, so let me rephrase in this way, of course models predict to be
Samuel A. Giuliani: To be neutral closures, let's say, not in the traditional way of looking
Samuel A. Giuliani: Be to strength or just having let's say very deep analysis is just, we call it neutral closure also in a very loose way and by loose. I mean, that what we see is an unanswered stability.
Samuel A. Giuliani: predicted by some models. Okay, but not all of them.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Which, for instance, as I was saying, reflects in high efficient barriers. Now, something that is clear, of course, is that if the nutritional closure is present there. It does not go much further on there.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Than let's say brought on number, probably, let's say 100 something like done so it seems it seems to be something very limited and on a very small region.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Now how sure we are that about the presence of this show closure is surely
Samuel A. Giuliani: We don't really know. So most of the most of energy density function calculations give rather similar results.
In terms of they said off of finances stability.
Samuel A. Giuliani: But
Samuel A. Giuliani: Nobody actually tell us that nobody's telling us that what what we see is is true.
Samuel A. Giuliani: For that reason, actually, it's important to
Samuel A. Giuliani: To use as many models are possible in order to really see eventually what are the variations around this region. Okay, so what are the different possibilities for their policy violation.
Samuel A. Giuliani: But with a broader than that. Okay. At some point, we also should be a little bit more picky when the models use it in our calculation.
Mark-Christoph Spieker: So maybe I can add a second question.
Mark-Christoph Spieker: If James allows me to do that.
Mark-Christoph Spieker: So experimentally. I think it will be valid very challenging to go up there and see if it's actually robust for the years to come.
Mark-Christoph Spieker: I'm wondering, so you mentioned the collective arrived, but set you look at you, you show the quarter pole moment. And often people also consider the octopus moment.
Mark-Christoph Spieker: And the influence of the octopus moment, and especially the octopus the formation of the efficient fragments has been discussed it was this nature Arctic
Mark-Christoph Spieker: So I'm wondering if there's anything in this region, which we might be able to reach experimentally that would help you to constrain some things for your predictions.
Mark-Christoph Spieker: Any of the collective arrived, but said we could measure in these
Mark-Christoph Spieker: nutrient rich fragments of proton rich fragments that are formed inefficient process would give you something that could constrain your models, way up there.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Okay, so
Samuel A. Giuliani: Okay, as you said, Of course they they N equals 184 is not going to be rich anytime soon. So the good news. Actually, in terms of these is that, um,
Samuel A. Giuliani: Any kind of data new data in terms of
Samuel A. Giuliani: For instance, fishing from in distribution that can be obtaining
Samuel A. Giuliani: Sorry, I just got back any kind of of information about deficient from in distribution that can be obtained in
Samuel A. Giuliani: Four elements that are around, let's say above
Samuel A. Giuliani: Without you
Samuel A. Giuliani: Or let's say yeah, anything that is transacted night is going to be useful to constrain the models. And the reason is that data right now is is quite Scots and it's quite scarves for for one reasons that
Samuel A. Giuliani: We cannot wait fish on barriers are as we are observable, right, because it has to go through some cross section.
Samuel A. Giuliani: You got you have to extract it from the
Samuel A. Giuliani: From the cross section and therefore it's it's very difficult to be compared with theory and the amount efficient from in distributions that that are
Samuel A. Giuliani: Out there, at least for the energy that is relevant for their process what not so large.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So sorry shortening. My question is, any kind of measurement that we can get right now official from in distribution.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Is going to be extremely valid for considering our models and for a simple reason. Because we see that efficient from in distributions are very robust observer boards. Therefore, if we can measure something that is
Samuel A. Giuliani: Striking different from what we are predicting it means that, actually, I can give us very valuable information about them, the predictions capability of our models. Does that answer your question.
Yes, thanks.
James Smallcombe: Okay. And we've got a question from SO DO YOU WANT TO GO AHEAD, SIR.
sergio: Yes, sir.
sergio: Hi summer I'm Sergio crystal from enough Italy very
sergio: Very nice token enjoyed it and you basically anticipated my question about what experimentalists can do helping to constrain your models.
sergio: And just the question what you were mentioning is just for extremely neutral richer isotopes or also to moderate the new to reach isotopes, close, close more close to the better stability Valley about the efficient fragment distribution.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Yes. So for the official from in distribution probably
Samuel A. Giuliani: Okay, we are studying it. We know that surely for nutrient rich new clay.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Okay, now. Sorry, let me rephrase it eventually for also for nuclear closer to the value of stability efficient from in distribution may be important because even though most of deficient in material is already gone
Samuel A. Giuliani: The heating rate of the killer Nova can be dominated by very few nuclear, as I was saying for Eastern the 254 California
Samuel A. Giuliani: And therefore deficient fragments of these nuclear which actually is this content efficient less time is is known for is not very far from stability, but the fragments are not
Samuel A. Giuliani: So already, adding that kind of thing. So eventually deficient fragments may have an impact on the on the heating rate and their experimental calculation can be very valuable for us. You know, there are two to understand how good our models are
Samuel A. Giuliani: So let me say even being even being even measuring things that are closer to stability can be extremely helpful, either in a way or the other. And unfortunately for in terms of impact for their process is going to be difficult because
Samuel A. Giuliani: That is dominated by very few nuclear. So let me say either you are able to
Samuel A. Giuliani: Either were able to measure deficient from the distribution of these nucleus or the neighbors are not relevant at all because they don't really produce an impact on the heating rate.
Samuel A. Giuliani: That is the bad news. The good news is that we know that just we don't need to measure thousands of them.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Just
sergio: Few of them could be extremely could be extremely valuable.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Does that somehow address your, your point.
sergio: Worth thank
James Smallcombe: Please go ahead with your question.
Jack Henderson: Hey,
Jack Henderson: Maybe not so good question we'll see when it comes to treating the beta decay in this, are you doing it kind of statistically based on the window available or is actually treated explicitly
Jack Henderson: For obviously
Samuel A. Giuliani: Yeah, sorry for for beta delay efficient.
Jack Henderson: Or repeated session. Yeah, yeah.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Yeah. So for me that the efficient yeah we do it statistically, you're right. So actually we are looking at the in principle, there is a more proper way of doing it.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So the well let's say they they more proper way will be to take the string functions. Okay so predicted by each individual model.
Samuel A. Giuliani: And then convoluted with efficient probabilities are they different excitation energies.
Samuel A. Giuliani: So that in principle will be the proper way of doing it. In this case, in our calculation, what we are doing is we don't have the strength functions. Therefore, what we are doing is converting
Samuel A. Giuliani: The neutron emission probabilities in kind of effective strength functions. And then what we say say, well, okay, what is the probability of
Samuel A. Giuliani: Just populating the daughter nucleus at this at this exhibition energies and what is the official probability and that that exhibition energy. So yeah, it's a kind of statistical approach in in your sense
Okay.
James Smallcombe: Okay. Do we have any other questions are usually said this point if you're having trouble with the raise hand button. I do just welcome you to go and unmute yourself and ask your questions.
James Smallcombe: Don't see what we have right now. Please go ahead.
Ragnar Stroberg: Sure. So this, I'm just interested in the end you want to do some sort of eventually uncertainty quantification of all this, which seems challenging. I'm wondering if you have any ideas about
Ragnar Stroberg: How you can quantify the uncertainty related to your choice of these collective coordinates, because if you need to have some sort of a way of assessing the importance before you do that calculation. Right.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Yeah, that is a very good question, actually. OK.
Samuel A. Giuliani: OK, let me see in in this point I'm
Samuel A. Giuliani: Eventually,
Samuel A. Giuliani: It. I think that are using machine learning techniques can help us to understand what are the most relevant degrees of freedom. And there is one is very one very simple way of thinking about it is just the construction of emulators right
Samuel A. Giuliani: Rather than computing all the time at each point computing doing our age of big calculation, which is not so large, but then computing
Samuel A. Giuliani: Sorry, it's not so expensive, and then computing it with the
Samuel A. Giuliani: Collective interruption in studying for different nuclear an emulator without pass a lot to understand what are they collected theory of freedom that are more relevant, however.
Samuel A. Giuliani: There are elements of the collective degrees of freedom strongly depends in the observable that we're looking at.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Just for mentioning it again. So we know that for instance pairing as a collective degree of freedom is very important for the life times. Okay. So, it decreases a lot the life times
Samuel A. Giuliani: But when we look at, they are deficient from in distribution. What we found is that actually these observable here.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Is not very sensitive to these connected coordinates therefore also answering. What are their element collectively degrees of freedom depends in the kind of quantities that we want to look at
Samuel A. Giuliani: And so from that point of view, maybe right now we have a we have a better ideas. And I'm sure that in the future, using emulators that should help us actually to probably increase a little bit hour
Samuel A. Giuliani: Or hour by a short nomination space. But yeah, the best bet is to allow space for for the study
Ragnar Stroberg: Okay, thanks.
James Smallcombe: Great. Any other questions.
James Smallcombe: I don't see any. But that was a good question sessions and money. So I think we can we can leave happy. So I'll say thank you once again everyone, for coming and giving a great tool.
Samuel A. Giuliani: Thank you everybody for attending and for the lesson.
James Smallcombe: Yes, and thank you everyone for attending. Indeed, please do join us again next week, same time 3pm GMT will have another talk next week, we've got Ricardo all Andy
James Smallcombe: To pan Atomic Energy Agency, deep breath of this title will be talking about gallery spectroscopy and the structure of neutron rich aconites the ja tandem accelerator recent results and future perspectives mother title for saying out loud really have a perfectly good written down.
James Smallcombe: So please do join us for that taught by Ricardo next Monday and have a good week. Bye for now.